Raja Prithvi Singh of Orchha watching a dance performance

The ruler of a small Hindu state reverently watches a performance of the “dance of divine love” between the Hindu deity Krishna and cowherd women. The painting raises several interesting questions. First, what are the genders of the performers? The cowherd women are probably (but not certainly) portrayed by women. Historical evidence suggests that in such performances Krishna might be portrayed by a woman or a boy. Here, the answer seems uncertain (as it is in many paintings of performances). Second, why would a ruler be depicted having such a performance staged within his palace and looking on respectfully? An answer might be to reinforce the ruler’s power by showing that he has the resources to sponsor such a performance and by emphasizing his piety and attention to religious observation.